AS BRITAIN’S undercover policing inquiry inches through its eleventh year, a new book sheds light on an earlier era of the authorities spying on their own citizens – with a transatlantic dimension.
Written by Wales-based, former BBC journalist Steve Howell, Cold War Puerto Rico takes readers on a journey that, while centred on Washington’s Caribbean colony, also reveals how the FBI’s tentacles reached Liverpool and London in collusion with local ‘sources.’
The 260-page, peer-reviewed book, which is being published by the University of Massachusetts Press on May 1st, uses the story of his American-born father, Brandon Howell, who worked for Puerto Rico’s planning board in the 1940s, as a narrative thread to introduce readers to hitherto neglected aspects of the Cold War ‘red scare,’ including how a highly-respected Liverpool professor became collateral damage.
Denise M. Lynn, the author of Women March for Peace: Black Radical Women’s Anti-Korean War Activism, says:“Howell does an excellent job uncovering the FBI’s transnational networks that enabled it to harass Puerto Rican radicals, follow their compatriots abroad, and work with other intelligence and legislative agencies to circumscribe individual freedoms and rights ostensibly in the name of national security and democracy.”
Howell’s father was added to J Edgar Hoover’s notorious Security Index after being suspected of producing pro-independence cartoons for union and communist journals under the pen names Pepe and Diego Munoz. Aware of his vulnerability as the red scare escalated, Brandon Howell left the US in 1949 to take a lecturing job at Liverpool University. However, the FBI still had him in their sights and regarded the eminent academic who appointed him, Gordon Stephenson, as guilty by association.
Unbeknown to the two men, Hoover alerted the CIA and the FBI’s head of operations in London to the American’s move to Britain, and they promptly secured the co-operation of allied agencies, who tracked him down to a Wallasey flat and logged the meetings he attended and the friends he made.
Stephenson, who was not politically aligned but who had overseen the 1945 Labour government’s development of new towns, was then blacklisted by the US authorities and denied a visa in 1954 to become head of the planning department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he had previously studied and met his American-born wife. Despite a long battle and the support of MIT’s president, Stephenson was unable to overturn his US blacklisting and eventually settled in Perth, Western Australia. Nevertheless, such was his professional prominence, buildings were named after him there and at Liverpool University.
Using Stephenson’s private letters and heavily-redacted FBI files on his father, Steve Howell has pieced together the full story of an episode that reveals the extent of the collusion between Britain and the US in what we generally call ‘McCarthyism’.
He said: “Stephenson’s case is an example of the kind of thing that happened to many other people during this period.
“While the undercover policing inquiry’s remit is to investigate events since 1968, what happened prior to that is still shrouded in secrecy.
“Even all these years later US and British intelligence services are abusing FOIA rules to hide what happened.
“The FBI file pages relating to my father’s life in Britain from 1949 onwards are much more heavily redacted than earlier ones and my attempt to obtain his CIA files met with a blunt refusal to either confirm or deny their existence, even though by then I had copies of memos from Hoover himself to senior CIA officials.
“With ‘freedom of information’ legislation being even weaker in Britain and my applications having met with denial of any knowledge of the files, I can’t be certain what sources the FBI’s redactions are protecting.
“However, it must have been a British agency, and it is likely the surveillance of my father, which lasted at least until 1965, was conducted by MI5 and/or Special Branch.
“What is clear from the FBI files – despite the redactions – is that the spying was very intrusive and tracked his career and family life closely, even as he was becoming much less politically active.
“My father probably remained on Hoover’s radar for such a long time because of the contact he maintained with old friends in Puerto Rico, who were challenging Washington’s new arrangements for governing the colony to make it appear self-governing.”
Cold War Puerto Rico examines the contradiction between the US wanting to retain the island as a major geo-political military outpost while also claiming global leadership in a decolonizing world. This led in 1952 to the US giving Puerto Rico a degree of autonomy without changing its legal status as an ‘unincorporated’ US territory and then enforcing it with repressive tactics designed in Washington and deployed by the FBI to silence activists and political parties pushing for full independence.
Brandon Howell’s close friends, such as the author and journalist César Andreu Iglesias, were among the Puerto Ricans arrested and imprisoned multiple times during the 1950s. Drawing on a wealth of new sources, including interviews, archives, personal papers and FBI files, the author tells the stories of Andreu and others who battled indictment in 1954 under the Smith Act, challenged the jurisdiction of the House Un-American Activities Committee in San Juan in 1959, and revived the Puerto Rican independence movement in the 1960s, despite the FBI deploying the covert tactics of COINTELPRO against them.
As Puerto Rican historian Rafael Bernabe puts it: “Most histories of McCarthyism ignore Puerto Rico.
“Most histories of the Puerto Rico independence movement focus on the Nationalist current. Steve Howell’s book makes a major contribution to filling these gaps…
“His investigation unearths new material and brings to memory significant events, such as the House Committee on Un-American Activities hearings in Puerto Rico in 1959, a spectacular confrontation that until now has not received the attention it merits in the literature on McCarthyism or in Puerto Rican historiography.”
Dr Hugh Wilford, professor of U.S. History, California State University, said: “Steve Howell’s deeply researched and expertly written account of red scare politics in Puerto Rico offers an impressively panoramic yet surprisingly intimate portrayal of mid-twentieth-century U.S. colonialism and anti-communism at a crucial intersection point in the American empire.”
